Gerrymandering example - Dec 01, 2021 · A map proposed by Republican lawmakers in October would further entrench Republican control in Wisconsin for 10 more years.

 
How <b>gerrymandering</b> works. . Gerrymandering example

The term is derived from the name of Gov. The term is derived from the name of Gov. For example, Indianapolis was not split, as it could have been. For example, in 2016, the Common Cause has. This district, currently held by Democratic Rep. “These people belong to the same media market. Thus, for example, South Africa, at one time, and the Old South of the United States did not permit their Black populations to vote. May 29, 2022 · Gerrymandering is one such process, which involves a sub-division of electoral areas in ways that favor one party at the expense of other parties. The gerrymandering for local government bodies receives far less attention than congressional or state legislative gerrymandering, in part because few local groups have the money and expertise to. Gerrymandering in the United States has been used to increase the power of a political party. Political map-drawing for congressional and state legislative seats captures wide attention. For example, in 2018, Democrats in Wisconsin won every statewide office and a majority of the statewide vote, but thanks to gerrymandering, won only 36 of the 99 seats in the state assembly. But in a situation where two entities. Top 10 Most Gerrymandered States 1. A perfect example of a broken system is the district boundaries and the likelihood of gerrymandering. Since the partisan distribution of voters over the geographic area to be gerrymandered is usually conducive to gerrymandering, gerrymandered districts can look . Numerous Python packages are required for this type of analysis to work, all coordinated using conda: Numba: Compiles low-level numerical code written in Python into very fast machine code. , votes for a losing candidate or votes for a winning candidate in excess. What Happened? It took over a week, but Republicans clinched the majority in the U. For example, laws requiring ID to vote have become more and more prevalent over the years. That's a process known as racial gerrymandering. , Jan. With the new map, the electoral district paints a very different picture: white people (who usually vote Republican in Texas) are the majority, . A protracted legal fight over how city council districts were drawn reflects an aspect of redistricting that often remains in the shadows. The 2012 gerrymander is the worst on record. 22 Jan 2018. In Pennsylvania, the Republican-dominated state legislature used gerrymandering to help defeat Democratic representative Frank Mascara. Top 10 Most Gerrymandered States 1. Datashader: Using Numba and Dask, aggregates big datasets. In Maryland, for example, the Democratic government enacted a gerrymander that, in the words of then-Gov. at translating votes into seats. ” The forked-tongue creature. this context, the state must demonstrate that it had a Thirteen states, for example, prohibit districts intended to compelling governmental interest in creating a majority- unduly favor or disfavor a political party, and five states minority district and the redistricting plan was narrowly. A protracted legal fight over how city council districts were drawn in Jacksonville reflects an aspect of redistricting that often remains in the shadows. North Carolina is an example. In 2002, for example, “ [t]he smallest margin of victory for any California congressional incumbent was 18 percentage points, and the average incumbent received a 68 percent vote share. Politics portal. Another example involved a case in which a U. This example showcases a key challenge to drawing district boundaries: The political geography of states like Pennsylvania naturally favor the Republican Party. Further, gerrymandering in such a way devalues many votes throughout a state. Gerrymandering describes the intentional manipulation of district boundaries to discriminate against a group of voters on the basis of their political views or . 4th in a commercial-mostly zoning district, but Jacobs has done nothing illegal. The goal: to see if they can . It is an opportunity for the controlling party to cement its power, at least from census to census. It determines how voters are grouped into the state's 17 congressional districts and 253 state legislators' districts. Gerrymanderers rig maps by “packing” and “cracking” their opponents. , Jan. Jacksonville is an exception. Political map-drawing for congressional and state legislative seats captures wide attention every 10 years. Gerrymandering, which had taken place prior to the coinage of the name and continued for many decades thereafter, has been challenged many times in federal courts and. Edit: note that AZ was redistricted by a nonpartisan independent redistricting committee, so it's probably a bad example of the worst that can happen. As an example of gerrymandering, one party may try to force the opposition into the least number of districts by expanding its own districts’ lines. Texas' 33rd district. The gerrymandering for local government bodies receives far less attention than congressional or state legislative gerrymandering, in part because few local groups have the money and expertise to. " The forked-tongue creature. , Jan. Two examples of packing and cracking. These types of gerrymanders – which often occur through bipartisan collusion between political parties – can be harmful to democracy by pre. Gerrymandering or Geography. Political map-drawing for congressional and state. For example, in Kirkpatrick v. Another example involved a case in which a U. United States District Court for the District of Maryland (No. For example, laws requiring ID to vote have become more and more prevalent over the years. Pennsylvania's Seventh Congressional District has been cited as an example of extreme partisan gerrymandering. The Republican Party used its control of Congress to secure the admission of more states in territories friendly to their party. Pennsylvania's top court on Monday threw out the state's congressional map, ruling that Republican legislators unlawfully sought partisan . 1 Okt 2019. North Carolina Daily Kos, North Carolina District Map" Daily Kos, North Carolina District Map North Carolina's strategy has been to cram minority voters into Districts 1 and 12, using a fine scalpel to cut out unfriendly urban areas block by block in Durham and Charlotte. Net wasted votes are divided by the total number of voters to arrive at a percentage. ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher . A protracted. It favors politicians over voters, and is a root cause of underrepresented. House of Representatives by a razor-thin margin on Wednesday. What do the. 6 Okt 2020. That’s a process known as racial gerrymandering. 18 November 2022, 10:19 am · 18-min read. In 1788, Patrick Henry and his Anti-Federalist allies were in control of the Virginia House of Delegates. South Carolina Districts 1 and 6 District 6 is an obvious example of gerrymandering, with Clinton winning it by almost 40% in the 2016 Presidential election. The gerrymandering for local government bodies receives far less attention than congressional or state legislative gerrymandering, in part because few local groups have the money and expertise to bring lawsuits against what they perceive as unfair maps. In Kansas and Nebraska, to the extent to which cities were carved up, the districts were still competitive. But in this midterm election, does it look to you that . Wisconsin is a battleground state that swings from Republican to Democratic. At a glance, Wisconsin's legislative district maps in place since 2011 do not reveal districts with the bizarre shapes and outlines that are classic markers . That’s a process known as racial gerrymandering. The goal: to see if they can . A recent example of a gerrymander in the United States is the 12th Congressional district of North Carolina, which is also a perfect example of the employment of the packing tactic. The district has predominantly African-American residents who vote for Democrats. What is an example of gerrymandering quizlet? Hakeem Jeffries is a classic example of political gerrymandering, what happened to him? He was running to represent his district and perceived to be a threat by the current district chair and effectively cut out of his district through gerrymandering preventing him from being able to represent that. The Gerry Mander's. For example, one form of gerrymandering involves drawing districts in order to protect incumbents. It is the intentional drawing of oddly shapes congressional districts to favor one party over another. This racist and absurd formation sliced and. Gerrymandering is the process of drawing political boundaries to favor one political party over others in an electoral system. Likewise, sometimes districts are drawn to ensure a favored candidate can successfully run for office. Redrawing congressional districts to place two incumbents of the same party in the same district thereby forcing them to run against each other in a primary. Another example of the packing tactic is the 23rd Congressional district of California which was created to segment voters affiliated to the Democratic Party. Multiple states across the country are subjected to gerrymandering, which is the act of dividing a county into election districts that provide one political party with an unfair advantage over the other. Electoral districts were redrawn to benefit the party led by Gov. Apr 20, 2021 · Becky Little Apr 20, 2021 Denver Post via Getty Images In March 1812, the Boston Gazette ran a political cartoon depicting “a new species of monster”: “The Gerry-mander. 18, 2023. In April, a judge threw it out and, seven months later, New York congressional Democrats experienced one of their worst midterm performances in years. North Carolina's 12th congressional district between 2003 and 2016 was an example of packing. The Democrats had gerrymandered the Illinois legislature and, although the Republicans received the most votes, the Democrats won majorities in both the Illinois Senate and House of Representatives. The gerrymandering for local government bodies receives far less attention than congressional or state legislative gerrymandering, in part because few local groups have the money and expertise to bring lawsuits against what they perceive as unfair maps. 7%, and Democrats would have held those under a popular vote tie. Rosemary McCoy talks about a local gerrymandering lawsuit in Jacksonville, FL on Jan. State legislatures redistrict voting districts to combine members of one party into the same district or. Dec 01, 2021 · A map proposed by Republican lawmakers in October would further entrench Republican control in Wisconsin for 10 more years. For example, gerrymandering is often performed to divide one's opposition into separate districts or combine multiple populations of the same political party into one voting district. For example, some redrawn district boundaries can produce a voting population that. In 2002, for example, “ [t]he smallest margin of victory for any California congressional incumbent was 18 percentage points, and the average incumbent received a 68 percent vote share. Example 01 Example 02 Execution In order to try the algorithm you will need to install Java on your computer. For example, a recent book I co-authored finds that during 2011 redistricting, nearly half of all US state assembly maps were drawn with extreme bias that gave one party a lopsided advantage in. For example, Indianapolis was not split, as it could have been. A salamander shaped district was drawn in the northern part of the state during the term of Gov. 11 Jul 2011. A scenario is a hypothetical description of events or situations that could possibly play out; for example, a description of what the United States would be like if John McCain had won the 2008 presidential election instead of Barack Obama. 3 Jul 2019. Census every ten years, . Read our blogpost for an in-depth analysis of the situation. 18, 2023. Learn about gerrymandering history, types, and examples. The government uses Census data for a lot of things, but at the top of that list is deciding how many seats each state gets in the U. Fair election advocates are sounding alarms over. Gerrymandering - National Examples of Gerrymandering - Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Gerrymandering (Irish: Claonroinnt) is widely considered to have been introduced after the establishment of Home Rule in Northern Ireland in 1921, favouring Unionists who tended to be Protestant, to the detriment of Nationalists who were mostly Catholic. A salamander shaped district was drawn in the northern part of the state during the term of Gov. Top 10 Most Gerrymandered States 1. Gerrymandering, which is the idea of shaping districts to benefit one political party or another. Another example of the packing tactic is the 23rd Congressional district of California which was created to segment voters affiliated to the Democratic Party. Redistricting for congressional and state legislative boundaries captures wide attention after new census numbers are released every 10 years, as the two major political parties seek mapmaking advantages that will help them retain or regain power at the federal or state level — a process known as gerrymandering. For example, a recent book I co-authored finds that during 2011 redistricting, nearly half of all US state assembly maps were drawn with extreme bias that gave one party a lopsided advantage in. But the . These maps enabled the rare spectacle of a minority of voters electing a majority of representatives in Congress. He chairs the National Democratic Redistricting Committee (NDRC), which seeks to combat unfairly gerrymandered districts leading up to 2021, when districts will . Likewise, sometimes districts are drawn to ensure a favored candidate can successfully run for office. , Jan. Disclaimer: If you need a custom written term, thesis or research paper as well as an essay or dissertation sample, choosing Assignment Den - a relatively cheap custom writing service - is a great option. The government uses Census data for a lot of things, but at the top of that list is deciding how many seats each state gets in the U. With the new map, the electoral district paints a very different picture: white people (who usually vote Republican in Texas) are the majority, . Politics portal. For example, when a single party controls the redistricting process, it has a unique opportunity to create extreme maps. “Going into this election, there was a 5-2 majority in the House. politics but is greatly misunderstood. In 2002, for example, “[t]he smallest margin of victory for any California congressional incumbent was 18 percentage points, and the average incumbent received a 68 percent vote share. 29 Sep 2021. Alma Adams, her district is drawn specifically to cluster a whole bunch of Black folks into her district. A salamander shaped district was drawn in the northern part of the state during the term of Gov. Examine a few examples to get a better idea of how partisan gerrymandering works. Marcella Washington, a plaintiff in a local gerrymandering case, speaks in Jacksonville, Fla. The project, orchestrated by Republicans using sophisticated software and about $30 million, was called REDMAP, for Redistricting Majority Project. Bandemer In a case of partisan gerrymandering, Indiana Democrats brought up that their voices were being suppressed because of the 1981 redistricting plan. After obtaining a bachelor’s degree in mathematics he became a newspaperman, working in Virginia and Tennessee before spending 28 years at the Nashua Telegraph. Nov 18, 2021 · We zoomed in on four districts – two in North Carolina and two in Texas – that provide some of the clearest examples of how politicians are gerrymandering this cycle. Marcella Washington, a plaintiff in a local gerrymandering case, speaks in Jacksonville, Fla. Wondering how the tests work? The goal of partisan gerrymandering is to amplify a political party's power beyond what it deserves based on their vote share . A protracted legal fight over how city council districts were drawn in Jacksonville reflects an aspect of redistricting that often remains in the shadows. The 1st and 3rd congressional districts were manipulated in. One of the districts resembled a salamander, and the opposition party and newspapers started calling it a gerrymander, after the governor. In the past I have explained it to my students by describing the voting districts as making as much sense as a paintball splatter. Score: 4. When New York’s congressional districts were redrawn this year after being ruled guilty of gerrymandering, Torres—up for his first reelection—was the only member of the state’s congressional delegation who made the trek to Bath, New York, the town of more than 11,000 where a judge was making decisions about new congressional districts. The gerrymandering for local government bodies receives far less attention than congressional or state legislative gerrymandering, in part because few local groups have the money and expertise to. Gerrymandering can also be used to help or hinder a certain demographic, like a political, racial, linguistic, religious or class group. Many believe that this method of representation will eliminate much of the harmful effects of partisan gerrymandering. If a state's . In 2018, for example. Examples are the 1852 "Henry-mandering", "Jerrymander" (referring to California Governor Jerry Brown ), [16] "Perrymander" (a reference to Texas Governor Rick Perry ), [17] [18] and "Tullymander" (after the Irish politician James Tully ), [19] and "Bjelkemander" (referencing Australian politician Joh Bjelke-Petersen ). District Court determined that a map showing the state assembly voting districts of Wisconsin was unconstitutional because it was clearly drawn to benefit Republican candidates. In comparison to partisan gerrymandering, racial gerrymandering legal doctrine. The courts will also have the benefit of evidence in the form of social science measures that scholars have developed over the last decade to help them identify when maps have significant, intentional bias. The issue of partisan gerrymandering, which is the drawing of legislative district lines to subordinate adherents of one political party and entrench a rival party in power, 7 Footnote Ariz. In 2016, Republicans won 37 percent of the statewide House popular vote, which translated into. , Jan. Below, you can see the configuration of each example and the generated Gerrymander. For example, one form of gerrymandering involves drawing districts in order to protect incumbents. In 2016, Republicans won 37 percent of the statewide House popular vote, which translated into just one of the state's. Then, view extreme examples that have happened within the U. Rosemary McCoy talks about a local gerrymandering lawsuit in Jacksonville, FL on Jan. The legislature-drawn plan in California is an example of a bipartisan gerrymander designed to insulate incumbents. In the past I have explained it to my students by describing the voting districts as making as much sense as a paintball splatter. about and gerrymandering, read the article below and watch the below about. Top 10 Most Gerrymandered States 1. 30 Jun 2015. In representative democracies, gerrymandering ( / ˈdʒɛrimændərɪŋ /, originally / ˈɡɛrimændərɪŋ /) [1] [2] is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent of creating undue advantage for a party, group, or socio-economic class within the constituency. ” 19 Footnotes 1. Using the 2020 election. In the case of gerrymandering, the t-test can determine how similar the winning vote shares are for the. Jacksonville is an exception. Multiple states across the country are subjected to gerrymandering, which is the act of dividing a county into election districts that provide one political party with an unfair advantage over the other. Gerrymandering is a tactic used by political parties to strengthen their electoral votes. 2023 / 8:00 AM Media Contact Jonathan Mehta Stein jstein@commoncause. Lopsided Wins (t-test). In reality, it's a masterpiece of diabolical gerrymandering. Gerrymandering, or distorting legislative district lines for the pur-. Capital B: Historically, Republicans have used the redistricting process to increase their advantage of securing seats in the U. What is gerrymandering? It is a way that governing parties try to cement themselves in power by tilting the political map steeply in their favor. The government uses Census data for a lot of things, but at the top of that list is deciding how many seats each state gets in the U. and faculty — could impact the fate of a Supreme Court case involving allegations of racial gerrymandering in. Los Angeles, CA – A coalition of civil rights and civic engagement organizations released a major report evaluating California’s 2020 local redistricting cycle. Thus, for example, South Africa, at one time, and the Old South of the United States did not permit their Black populations to vote. Election results for select statewide . Border lines are sometimes. How is. The term is derived from the name of Gov. 8 Feb 2022. Yet because it happens, some argue that gerrymandering suppresses certain voting blocks. In this . This is because the probability of electing a representative within a single-member district does not increase linearly with the proportion of voters who vote . Wondering how the tests work? The goal of partisan gerrymandering is to amplify a political party's power beyond what it deserves based on their vote share . North Carolina’s Republican-held state legislature created a district to pack as many Democratic voters into the same district, regardless of location. Nov 18, 2021 · We zoomed in on four districts – two in North Carolina and two in Texas – that provide some of the clearest examples of how politicians are gerrymandering this cycle. , Jan. uss carl vinson deployment schedule 2022

It was first recognized by the Supreme Court in the 1993 case Shaw v. . Gerrymandering example

Gerrymandering (racial or . . Gerrymandering example

CHARLOTTE DEMOCRAT JEFF JACKSON IS HOPING TO WIN OVER VOTERS. House, usually at the. The term gerrymandering is derived from Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814), the governor of Massachusetts from 1810 to 1812. To be clear, it probably, but not certainly, benefits Jacobs Entertainment to have w. There are two ways to change our redistricting process: legal and legislative. 13 Mar 2018. The rest of South Carolina votes solidly Republican. Gerrymandering refers to the practice in which state legislatures draw congressional districts. After the election last week, I did a deep dive into gerrymandering. For example, two terms used in gerrymandering are. He was the son of. Gerrymandering is used to help or. They have also been redrawn to favor Democrats or Republicans in an . To a political party that takes control of a state legislature in advance of redistricting, the lure of gerrymandering seems irresistible. Nov 13, 2020 · One of the most notorious examples of packing was North Carolina’s 12th District, which was thrown out in the courts on the basis of racial gerrymandering. The battle is renewed every decade in state legislatures when Census figures show which districts need to be rebalanced. In 2018, for example. , Jan. The two-sample t-test, perhaps the most widely used statistical test of all time, tests how similar two groups of numbers are. In the past, many US states have brought about this outcome deliberately, drawing their maps to ensure whites would win every district. , Jan. North Carolina’s Republican-held state legislature created a district to pack as many Democratic voters into the same district, regardless of location. Gerrymandering is the reason that some countries (I'm looking at you, United States) end up with weird electoral districts that look like . Example sentences from Collins dictionaries With the help of skilful gerrymandering, the Party has never lost an election since. Quote Tweet Dan Shafer @DanRShafer · Nov 9. Learn how to say 'gerrymander' in English with audio and example in sentences. In representative democracies, gerrymandering ( / ˈdʒɛrimændərɪŋ /, originally / ˈɡɛrimændərɪŋ /) [1] [2] is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent of creating undue advantage for a party, group, or socio-economic class within the constituency. As the image below demonstrates, a geographic area evenly split between the two political parties can be divided so as to weaken the vote of one group. Oct 12, 2017 · So for example, if Candidate A won with 60% of the vote, the wastage would be 10%. Gerrymandering is a tactic used by political parties to strengthen their electoral votes. District 13, located in northeastern Philadelphia, is obviously gerrymandered when viewed on the Philadelphia map. In the past I have explained it to my students by describing the voting districts as making as much sense as a paintball splatter. Discover the controversy of partisan gerrymandering, including voter suppression . Likewise, sometimes districts are drawn to ensure a favored candidate can successfully run for office. The opposition party, the Federalists, were quite upset. Quote Tweet Dan Shafer @DanRShafer · Nov 9. “Cracking” is when officeholders decrease the opposition party’s votes by splitting its voters across several districts. The first case of gerrymandering occurred in 1810 in Massachusetts. 6 Nov 2022. In this example, Tennessee has nine seats in the house of representatives, which means the state is divided into nine separate districts which each get a seat. How gerrymandering works. Times, Sunday Times. What is an example of gerrymandering quizlet? Hakeem Jeffries is a classic example of political gerrymandering, what happened to him? He was running to represent his district and perceived to be a threat by the current district chair and effectively cut out of his district through gerrymandering preventing him from being able to represent that. A protracted. Last week's election includes some perfect examples of why political parties don't want to give up the job of drawing the boundaries of . The new maps split the. One of the most egregious examples of this was the creation of the "boa constrictor" district in the Democrat-controlled state of South Carolina. A protracted. They have also been redrawn to favor Democrats or Republicans in an . North Carolina redistricting was so perverse the Federal Court ordered it redone but the evidence showed the republicans were planning to maximize their control. The two main. Datashader: Using Numba and Dask, aggregates big datasets. North Carolina redistricting was so perverse the Federal Court ordered it redone but the evidence showed the republicans were planning to maximize their control. In Michigan, there is a district that is shaped like an upside down “U”. For example, in Pennsylvania in 2012, Democrats received 51 percent of the vote, but only five of 18 seats. It's called redistricting. Rosemary McCoy talks about a local gerrymandering lawsuit in Jacksonville, Fla. Wondering how the tests work? The goal of partisan gerrymandering is to amplify a political party's power beyond what it deserves based on their vote share . Examples Of Gerrymandering. Learn how to say 'gerrymander' in English with audio and example in sentences. May 29, 2022 · This essay seeks to look at the concept of gerrymandering, highlight various examples of gerrymandering, differences between various classes of the candidate, and explain terms like primary, caucuses, and super delegates as applied in choosing of a presidential party candidate. In the case of gerrymandering, the t-test can determine how similar the winning vote shares are for the. As in Option 3 above, one classic tell of gerrymandering is the convoluted district borders, which happen when lawmakers attempt to grab one group of voters from far away or exclude a different. Gerrymandering is the practice of drawing legislative districts in order to benefit a certain political party. Perhaps the best examples of gerrymandering I can find are in Michigan and North Carolina. Centralization is a process by which planning and decision-making of an organization are concentrated in one group or. Score: 4. Wisconsin is a battleground state that swings from Republican to Democratic. Answer (1 of 5): The best known liberal oasis in Texas is Travis County, home to the state capital Austin and the University of Texas. A protracted. Gerrymanderers rig maps by “packing” and “cracking” their opponents. Some argue this suppresses their voice as a demographic. The results of the first election, however, suggest that these gerrymandering efforts were of little consequence. 13 Apr 2022. politics, the practice of drawing the boundaries of electoral districts in a way that gives one political party an unfair advantage over its rivals (political or partisan gerrymandering) or that dilutes the voting power of members of ethnic or linguistic minority groups (racial gerrymandering). Elbridge Gerry. EVERY other state, with the possible exception of the solidly-blue Hawaii, is gerrymandered to some extent. It was first recognized by the Supreme Court in the 1993 case Shaw v. The first figure illustrates how the same political geography can be exploited by either side to gain an advantage. Since the partisan distribution of voters over the geographic area to be gerrymandered is usually conducive to gerrymandering, gerrymandered districts can look . 18, 2023. A protracted. Gerrymandering - National Examples of Gerrymandering - Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Gerrymandering (Irish: Claonroinnt) is widely considered to have been introduced after the establishment of Home Rule in Northern Ireland in 1921, favouring Unionists who tended to be Protestant, to the detriment of Nationalists who were mostly Catholic. 6 Okt 2020. Senate candidate Jeff Jackson. From The Ohio State University. Gerrymandering is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that helps them or hurts the group who is against them. In the case of gerrymandering, the t-test can determine how similar the winning vote shares are for the. The first case of gerrymandering occurred in 1810 in Massachusetts. Take Guilford County, for example: The 2019 maps included the entire county — including the majority in one district, which elected Democratic Rep. Bipartisan gerrymandering is when both parties make an. , Jan. 3 Jul 2019. The result was an example of cracking: A&T is divided between two districts that are reliably Republican, the 6th held by Mark Walker and the 13th represented by Ted Budd. Several solutions have been devised to reduce the influence of gerrymandering. Electoral districts were redrawn to benefit the party led by Gov. States crucial to a Biden victory like Ohio, Michigan, Florida and Georgia contain textbook examples of Gerrymandering. The controlling party may try to force the opposition party into as few districts as possible. Gerrymandering is defined as the establishment of boundaries of voting districts with the main objective of determining the partial or complete outcome of elections. North Carolina's 12th District is a prime example of a political process called gerrymandering. The meaning of GERRYMANDERING is the practice of dividing or arranging a territorial unit into election districts in a way that gives one political party an unfair advantage in elections. . ezebreeze window replacement vinyl film, gay old menporn, iptv mts kanali, jobs montrose co, ho train layouts, gritonas porn, huntsville texas craigslist farm and garden, shadow porn, joi hypnosis, where to buy seint makeup uk, silenced for the 101st time pleading an aristocrat for mercy, how many blackwell ghost movies are there co8rr